A3011-100mg | CHIR-99021 (CT99021) [252917-06-9] Biotrend

Background

CHIR-99021 is a highly specific glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor which can inhibit both isoforms with IC50 of 10 nM (GSK-3α) and 6.7 nM (GSK-3β).

CHIR-99021 was proved to promote self-renewal and maintain pluripotency of both B6 and BALB/c ES cells via stabilizing the downstream effectors like c-Myc and β -catenin^[1]. In J1 mESC cells, CHIR-99021 played an important role in maintaining the colony morphology as well as the self-renewal when combined with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). CHIR-99021 has shown to regulate multiple signaling pathways which involve Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Nodal and MAPK, and the expression of epigenetic regulatory genes like Dnmt3l^[2].

CHIR-99021 has been demonstrated to promote DN3 thymocytes proliferation and differentiation in the absence of pre-TCR signaling, Notch1 signaling or CXCL12^[3]. However, study has also found that higher concentration (10 ?M but not 1 ?M or 3 ?M) of CHIR99021 might selectively inhibit differentiation by activating IL-7 signaling pathway^[3].

References:
1. Ye S1, Tan L, Yang R, Fang B, Qu S, Schulze EN, Song H, Ying Q, Li P. Pleiotropy of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition by CHIR99021 promotes self-renewal of embryonic stem cells from refractory mouse strains. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35892.
2. Wu Y1, Ai Z, Yao K, Cao L, Du J, Shi X, Guo Z, Zhang Y. CHIR99021 promotes self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells by modulation of protein-encoding gene and long intergenic non-coding RNA expression. Exp Cell Res. 2013
3. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58501. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058501. Epub 2013 Mar 20. Schroeder JH1, Bell LS, Janas ML, Turner M. Pharmacological inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 regulates T cell development in vitro. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58501.

Product Citation

1. Mohamed I Gatie, Danielle M Spice, et al. "O-GlcNAcylation and Regulation of Galectin-3 in Extraembryonic Endoderm Differentiation." Biomolecules. 2022 Apr 22;12(5):623. PMID: 35625551
2. Liexi Jia, Yumei Diao, et al. "Methodological study of directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into corneal endothelial cells." Ann Transl Med. 2022 Apr;10(8):482. PMID: 35571395
3. John K Vuong, Volkan Ergin, et al. "Multilayered regulations of alternative splicing, NMD, and protein stability control temporal induction and tissue-specific expression of TRIM46 during axon formation." Nat Commun. 2022 Apr 19;13(1):2081. PMID: 35440129
4. Glen Lester Sequiera, Abhay Srivastava, et al. "Development of iPSC-based clinical trial selection platform for patients with ultrarare diseases." Sci Adv. 2022 Apr 8;8(14):eabl4370. PMID: 35394834
5. Mohamed I Gatie, Tyler T Cooper, et al. "Lactate enhances mouse ES cell differentiation towards XEN cells in vitro." Stem Cells. 2022 Mar 31;40(3):239-259. PMID: 35323987
6. Meghan M Capeling, Sha Huang, et al. "Suspension culture promotes serosal mesothelial development in human intestinal organoids." Cell Rep. 2022 Feb 15;38(7):110379. PMID: 35172130
7. Meghan M. Capeling. "Defined Culture Environments Create an Improved Human Intestinal Organoid Model System to Study Intestinal Development." University of Michigan. 2022.
8. Changchun Shao, Xue Yang, et al. "The stemness of hepatocytes is maintained by high levels of lipopolysaccharide via YAP1 activation." Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021 Jun 10;12(1):342. PMID: 34112239
9. Qianhui Yu, Umut Kilik, et al. "Charting human development using a multi-endodermal organ atlas and organoid models." Cell. 2021 Jun 10;184(12):3281-3298.e22. PMID: 34019796
10. Qiuying Liu, Xiaoli Chen, et al. "Repressing Ago2 mRNA translation by Trim71 maintains pluripotency through inhibiting let-7 microRNAs." Elife. 2021 Feb 18;10:e66288. PMID: 33599613
11. Abhishek Sinha, Vinson B. Fan, et al. "Repression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by SOX9 and Mastermind-like transcriptional coactivator 2." Sci Adv. 2021 Feb 17;7(8):eabe0849. PMID: 33597243
12. Kaisari S, Shomer P, et al. "Role of Polo-like kinase 1 in the regulation of the action of p31(comet) in the disassembly of mitotic checkpoint complexes." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Jun 11;116(24):11725-11730. PMID: 31118282
13. Karuna EP, Choi SS, et al. "Identification of a WNT5A-Responsive Degradation Domain in the Kinesin Superfamily Protein KIF26B." Genes (Basel). 2018 Apr 5;9(4). pii: E196. PMID: 29621187
14. Siller R, Sullivan GJ. "Rapid Screening of the Endodermal Differentiation Potential of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells." Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol. 2017 Nov 15;43:1G.7.1-1G.7.23. PMID: 29140570

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Chemical Properties

Physical Appearance	A solid
Storage	Store at -20°C
M.Wt	465.34
Cas No.	252917-06-9
Formula	C₂₂H₁₈Cl₂N₈
Synonyms	CHIR99021, CHIR-99021, CHIR 99021, CT99021,GSK-3 Inhibitor XVI
Solubility	≥23.27 mg/mL in DMSO; insoluble in H2O; insoluble in EtOH
Chemical Name	6-((2-((4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)amino)nicotinonitrile
SDF	Download SDF
Canonical SMILES	N#CC1=CC=C(NCCNC2=NC=C(C3=NC=C(C)N3)C(C4=CC=C(Cl)C=C4Cl)=N2)N=C1
Shipping Condition	Small Molecules with Blue Ice, Modified Nucleotides with Dry Ice.
General tips	We do not recommend long-term storage for the solution, please use it up soon.

Protocol

Cell experiment: [1]
Cell lines	Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
Preparation method	The solubility of this compound in DMSO is >10 mM. General tips for obtaining a higher concentration: Please warm the tube at 37 °C for 10 minutes and/or shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20°C for several months.
Reaction Conditions	8 μM, 24 hours
Applications	On day 0, differentiation was initiated with 8 μM CHIR-99021 for 24 h conferring canonical Wnt/β-catenin activation, followed by Wnt inhibition on day 3 by addition of 4 μM IWR-1 for 48 h. For all groups tested, first signs of eGFP-fluorescence and first beating EBs were observed on day 6 with a constant increase until d10, reaching almost 100% of beating EBs for the groups seeded with 666-2000 cells per aggregate. Flowcytometry analysis of dissociated EBs on day 10 showed the highest yield of 5.9 Nkx2-5-eGFP+ cells for the group seeded with 666 cells/aggregate; higher cell numbers per aggregate resulted in lower yields. Immunofluorescence stainings of EB cryosections and dissociated/reseeded cells confirmed a high content of Nkx2-5+ and cTnT+ cardiomyocytes, thereby demonstrating efficient cardiomyogenic differentiation of human ESC-derived EBs after aggregation on agarose microwells and induction with small molecule-based media.
Animal experiment: [2]
Animal models	Akita type 1 diabetic mice and wild-type mice
Dosage form	Intraperitoneal injection, 50 mg/kg, daily
Applications	At 15 min after the propranolol injection, the 2-min average HF fraction increased from 46.8 ± 2.9% before CHIR-99021 treatment to 67.8 ± 5.1% after CHIR-99021 treatment. Treatment of Akita mice with CHIR-99021 increased SREBP-1 from 0.53 ± 0.07- to 1.17 ± 0.11- fold. CHIR-99021 treatment increased GIRK4 levels from 0.28 ± 0.06- to 1.08 ± 0.14- fold of those in WT mice, which was significantly higher than in placebo.
Other notes	Please test the solubility of all compounds indoor, and the actual solubility may slightly differ with the theoretical value. This is caused by an experimental system error and it is normal.
References: [1] Dahlmann J, Kensah G, Kempf H, et al. The use of agarose microwells for scalable embryoid body formation and cardiac differentiation of human and murine pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials, 2013, 34(10): 2463-2471. [2] Zhang Y, Welzig C M, Picard K L, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition ameliorates cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction in type 1 diabetic Akita mice. Diabetes, 2014, 63(6): 2097-2113.

Biological Activity

Description	CHIR-99021 (CT99021) is an inhibitor of GSK-3α/β with IC50 of 10 nM/6.7 nM; > 500-fold selectivity for GSK-3 versus its closest homologs CDC2 and ERK2, as well as other protein kinases.
Targets	GSK-3
IC50	7 nM

Quality Control

Chemical structure

Related Biological Data

Intracellular?antibody FACS staining for Nestin and TUJ1 indicated a stark contrast in the number of neurons generated by LSB (2% TUJ1+) compared to LSB3i (75% TUJ1+). When one or two of the three inhibitors used in 3i were added, the same level of TUJ1 cells was not achieved; however, CHIR (CHIR99021) with either SU5402 or DAPT achieved >53% neurons, indicating a requirement for CHIR in the formation of TUJ1+ neurons. Results are presented as mean ± s.e.m.